Forest Restoration in Abandoned Agricultural Land: a Case Study from East Africa
نویسندگان
چکیده
Millions of hectares of tropical forests have been converted to agricultural land and abandoned, so it is important that we understand the process of forest recovery and comprehend how pathways are modified by different types of disturbance in different geographic regions. In a 4-year case study, we quantified the pattern of forest recovery following clearing and 3 years of cultivation of a moist-evergreen forest in Uganda. Long-term observation (746 hours) of frugivore visitation to the regenerating area demonstrated that birds were frequent visitors (5.8 birds/hour), whereas large mammalian frugivores rarely used the area. Frugivore visitation rates facilitated seedling recruitment that averaged 0.51 seedlings/m 2 from 22 tree species by the end of the study. Recruitment included species with large seeds, despite the fact that seed-eating rodents were almost twice as abundant in the regenerating area than in mature forest. By the end of the study, however, only 20 trees were $ 0.5 m tall, and no trees were $ 2 m tall. This slow recruitment reflected high seedling mortality and dominance of the area by elephant grass ( Pennisetum purpureum ) and the herb Acanthus pubescens . After 4 years, trees $ 0.5 m tall attained a biomass of only 8.92 kg/ha, whereas the biomass of P. purpureum and A. pubescens had reached 35,500 kg/ha and 18,100 kg/ha respectively. We provide an initial assessment of two programs designed to enhance restoration of abandoned agricultural lands: planting of cuttings to act as dispersal foci and sowing of seeds. Our results showed that density of seedlings growing in the management plot where we sowed seeds (0.35 seedlings/m 2 ) and in the plot where we established cuttings (0.30 seedling/m 2 ) was lower than in the control plot (0.51 seedlings/m 2 ). This East African site was only lightly disturbed, yet tree recovery was occurring slower than in heavily degraded sites described from South America. The rate of recovery seemed to be strongly determined by interactions between tree seedlings and P. purpureum and A. pubescens . Restauración de Bosques en Tierras Agriculturales Abandonadas: Caso de Estudio en Africa Occidental Resumen: Millones de hectáreas de bosque tropical han sido convertidas a tierras agriculturales y abandonadas; por ello, es importante que entendamos el proceso de recuperación del bosque y comprendamos como sus posibles vías son modificadas por diferentes tipos de perturbación en diferentes regiones geográficas. En un caso de estudio de cuatro años de duración, cuatificamos los patrones de recuperación del bosque posterior a un clareo y tres años de cultivo en un bosque tropical húmedo siempreverde de Uganda. Observaciones de largo plazo (746 horas) de visitas de frugívoros a las áreas de regeneración demonstraron que las aves fueron visitadores frecuentes (5.8 aves/hora), mientras que mamíferos frugívoros grandes utilizaron el área en raras ocasiones. Las tasas de visita de frugívoros facilitó el reclutamiento de plátulas y promedió 0.51 plántulas/m 2 para 22 especies de árboles al final del estudio. El reclutamiento incluyó especies con semillas grandes a pesar del hecho de que la abundancia de roedores que se alimentan de semillas fue doble en la zona en regeneración que en el bosque maduro. Sin embrago, al final del estudio solo 20 árboles tuviéron $ 0.5 m de altura y no hubiéron árboles de $ 2 m de altura. Este reclutamiento lento refleja una alta mortalidad de plántulas y la dominancia en el área del pasto elefante ( Pennisetum purpureum ) y la hierba Acanthus pubescens . Después de 4 años, los árboles de . 0.5 m de altura obtuvieron una biomasa de tan solo 8.42 kg/ha, mientras que la biomasa de P. purpureum y A. pubescens alcanzó 35,500 y 18,100 kg/ha respectivamente. Proveemos una evaluación inicial de dos programas diseñados para incrementar la restauración de tierras agriculturales abandonadas: siembra de esquejes que actúen como dispersores y siembra de semillas. ‡ email [email protected] Paper submitted May 7, 1998; revised manuscript accepted March 3, 1999. 1302 Forest Recovery in East Africa Chapman & Chapman Conservation Biology Volume 13, No. 6, December 1999 Nuestros resultados muestran que las densidades de plántulas creciendo en los lotes manejados donde se sembraron semillas (0.35 plántulas/m 2 ) y en los lotes donde se establecieron esquejes (0.30 plántulas/m 2 ) fueron más bajas que en los lotes control (0.51 plántulas/m 2 ). Este sitio Africano fué perturbado solo ligeramente, sin embargo, la recuperación de los árboles ocurre mas despacio que en sitios altamente degradados descritos para Sudamérica. la tasa de recuperación parece estar altamente degradados descritos para Sudamérica. La tasa de recuperación parece estar altamente determinada por interacciones entre las semillas de los árboles y P. purpureum y A. pubescens .
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